Check SMART available and enabled:

# smartctl --health --info /dev/sda
...
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled

Test duration:

# smartctl --capabilities /dev/sda
...
Short self-test routine 
recommended polling time:        (   1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time:        ( 313) minutes.

Short test:

# smartctl --test short /dev/sda
*sleep 2 minutes*
# smartctl --log selftest /dev/sda

Exemple results:

=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num  Test_Description    Status                  Remaining  LifeTime(hours)  LBA_of_first_error
# 1  Short offline       Completed without error       00%      3224         -

Long test:

# smartctl --test long /dev/sda
*sleep 313 minutes*
# smartctl --log selftest /dev/sda

Pour Windows:

CHKDSK F: /f /r

/f fixes any structural issues with the file system and directory, correcting inconsistencies between the two
/r searches for and fixes corrupted parts of the hard drive (while also running chkdsk /f). Sometimes it can’t fix the unusable or damaged sectors that it finds.

FSCK

fsck -fvn /dev/sdX # dry run
fsck -fvy /dev/sdX # apply